Citations are not enough: Academic promotion panels must take into account a scholar’s presence in popular media.
Scholars all around the world are almost solely judged upon their publications in (prestigious) peer-reviewed journals. Asit Biswas and Julian Kirchherrargue that publications in the popular media must count as well. After
all, these publications are crucial in informing practitioners’
decision-making.
Many of the world’s most talented thinkers may be university professors, but sadly most of them do not shape today’s public debates
or influence policies. Indeed, scholars often frown upon publishing in
the popular media. “Running an opinion editorial to share my views with
the public? Sounds like activism to me”, a professor recently noted at a
conference, hosted by the University of Oxford. The absence of
professors from shaping public debates and policies seems to have
exacerbated in recent years, particularly in the social sciences. During
1930s and 1940s, 20 percent of articles in the prestigious The American Political Science Review focused on policy recommendations. At the last count, the share was down to a meagre 0.3 percent.
Even debates among scholars do not seem to function properly. Up to 1.5 million peer-reviewed articles
are published annually. However, many are ignored even within the
scientific community: 82 percent of articles published in humanities are not even cited once. Rarely do scholars refer to 32 percent of the peer-reviewed articles in the social and 27 percent in the natural sciences.
If a paper is cited, though, this does not imply it has actually been
read. According to one estimate, only 20 percent of papers cited have actually been read.
We suspect that an average paper in a peer-reviewed journal is read
completely at most by no more than 10 people. Hence, impacts of most
peer-reviewed publications even within the scientific community are
miniscule.
Image credit: oscar cesare (Wikimedia, Public Domain)
Many scholars aspire to contribute to their discipline’s knowledge 
and to influence practitioner’s decision-making. However, it is widely
acknowledged practitioners rarely read articles published in
peer-reviewed journals. We know of no senior policy-maker, or senior
business leader who ever reads any peer-reviewed papers, even in
recognized journals like Nature, Science or The Lancet.
No wonder: First of all, most journals are prohibitively expensive to
access for anyone outside of academia. Even if the current
open-access-movement becomes more successful, the incomprehensible jargon
and the sheer volume and lengths of papers (mostly unnecessary!) would
still prevent practitioners (including journalists) from reading them.
Brevity is central. Many government leaders now maintain a standing
instruction to prepare a two-page summary every morning of what the
popular media writes about their policies. In India, this practice was
started by Indira Gandhi. Ministers in Canada insist on similar
round-ups. Governments in the Middle East even summarize discussions on
new social media these days. No decision-maker would ever ask for
summaries regarding publications and discussions in academic journals.
If academics want to have impact on policy makers and practitioners,
they must consider popular media, which has never been easy for
scholars. This in spite of the fact that media firms have developed many
innovative business models to help scholars reach out.
One of the most promising models: Project Syndicate (PS), a
non-profit-organization which distributes commentary by the world’s
thought leaders to more than 500 newspapers comprising 300 million readers in 154 countries.
Any commentary accepted by PS is automatically translated into 12 other
languages and then distributed globally to the entire network. However,
even if scholars agree regarding the importance of publishing in the
popular press, the system plays against them. In order to obtain tenure,
scholars must churn out as many peer-reviewed articles as possible,
publications in (prestigious) peer-reviewed journals are the key
performance indicator within academia: whether anyone reads them or not
becomes a secondary consideration.
It may be time to reassess scholars’ performance. For tenure and
promotion considerations, scholars’ impacts on policy formulation and
public debates should also be assessed. These publications often
showcase the practical relevance and potential application of the
research results to solve real world problems. Admittedly, impact is not
guaranteed. Particularly most policy-makers already have a reasonably
exact idea regarding the policy they would prefer. The policy must,
first and foremost, satisfy their plethora of stakeholders. Very few
decision-makers look only for the most optimal economic, social,
environmental, technical, or political solution.
Those who look for scientific evidence, though, would vastly benefit
from more scholarly publications in the popular press. Slowly, this is
recognized within academia. For instance, the National University of
Singapore (NUS) now encourages faculty to list op-eds on their profiles.
However, significant more emphasis is still given to publications in
so-called high impact journals.
Change is happening very, very slowly.
Note: This article gives the views of the author, and not the
position of the Impact of Social Science blog, nor of the London School
of Economics. Please review our Comments Policy if you have any concerns on posting a comment below.
About the Authors
Asit Biswas is one of the world’s leading authorities on environmental and water policy. He is the founder and president of the Third World Centre for Water Management in
Mexico, and Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School
for Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, the
University of Wuhan, China as well as the Indian Institute of
Technology. Biswas has been a senior advisor to more than 20
governments, six Heads of United Agencies as well as the Secretary
Generals of OECD and NATO.
Julian Kirchherr is a doctoral researcher at the
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford. Prior to
joining the University of Oxford, Kirchherr was as a management
consultant at McKinsey & Company advising governments in Europe,
Asia and the Middle East. He also served as a City Councilor in Werl,
Germany, as well as a County Councilor in Soest, Germany.
Impact of Social Sciences – Citations are not enough: Academic promotion panels must take into account a scholar’s presence in popular media.
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